師訓心得分享

Sound Approach聲音教學 / Linguistic Approach語法教學 / Communicative Approach應用教學

在平衡式教學法的教學下,學生能夠在課堂上,立即學會使用語言;也就是說,在短短的課堂時間內,學生就能學到聽說讀寫的能力,不需分段單一進行(聽力課─只學聽、 會話課─只學說、閱讀課─只學讀、寫作課─只學寫 ) 。此次師訓,老師以三段不同的教學內容,更加具體說明花老師獨創的平衡式教學法,在特地的環境─教室裡,以足夠且精心設計的聲音刺激─清楚、有目的意義的語句,供學生學習和模仿;透過密集和不斷重複地演練,學生能習得標的語言的口說技巧、句法結構,進而應用所接收的聲文信息,亦即所謂三位一體的聲音教學、結構教學和應用教學。由於學生被訓練以自然的、合乎人體和語音結構的方式,學習語言,再搭配老師精心鋪陳的情境或特意使用的教具和肢體語言,學生能快速理解此一特定語音組的語意功能,更能予以內化和應用,而達成溝通的目的。 以下為其他教師觀賞影片之心得感想,與大家共同分享。


i. 緣起
這次看了花老師在新店校上課情況的教學錄影帶(PRA-M40), 讓我對花老師自創的「聲文雙軌-平衡式教學法」有更深一層的認知。


ii. 內容
花老師用小朋友在日常生活中每天會接觸到和最容易理解的「身體部位」來教學。 老師歸納出同樣的語法結構(Linguistic Approach)並用不斷重覆、密集且大量的聲音刺激(Sound Approach) 讓小朋友能朗朗上口地談論身體部位及應用(Communicative Approach)。語法結構如下:

Items
Mr. Hua
Students
Structure 1: (Singular) How many heads you have? I have only one head.
Structure 2: (Singular) Where is your head? Here it is. It is on my neck.
Structure 3: (Singular) What is your head for? My head is for thinking and knowing.
Structure 1: (Plural) How many feet do you have? I have two feet.
Structure 2: (Plural) Where are your feet? Here are my two feet. This is my right and this is my left foot.
Structure 3: (Plural) What are you feet for? My feet are stoping and walking.

老師這樣子的教學方式,真的讓小朋友很容易運用相同語法結構去理解和運用。 而老師也將相同拼字規則的字彙歸納(由已知教未知),如:one foot/two feet; one tooth/two teeth; one cheek/two cheeks; one knee/two knees,老師更讓小朋友用英文去解釋為何要這樣拼出這些字?
Double e sounds /i/ as in feet, teeth, cheek, and knee.


iii. 心得
觀看老師的教學可以體會到「聲文雙軌-平衡式教學法」其中「聲音教學法」的重點及妙用並非僅只老師本身能說得一口流利宛轉的英文,而是學生要能「四到」「眼到」(眼睛專注看著老師為了引導學生分語意組所作的肢體語言);「耳到」(耳朵專心聽著老師為了強調語意組所表現的不同輕重音、消音、或連音的技巧);「心到」(心神領會聲音教學法的奧意);然而,最重要的是小朋友要能「口到」(說出一口流利而字正腔圓的英文)。這樣,才稱得上是成功的「教」(老師教導)和「學」(學生學習)!


iv. 目的
老師每次師訓的精要及目標都不相同,每一次都有每一次要改進的重點及要項。不斷訓練的目的無非是要讓這套「聲文雙軌-平衡式教學法」傳承並真正發揮到淋漓盡至,甚至於滲透入理論之精髓,最終能發揚光大!我們莫忘的是,學生的成就取決於老師的專業及努力。這也是花老師所告訴大家學習外國語成功的七大要素中很重要的一項。(Characteristics and the ability of the teacher.-老師的人格特質與專業能力)期許自己在新的一年裡能做一位更成功的老師及在各方面有更好的表現!




How can we help the students learn a foreign language successfully? We have to use the Hua Balanced Approach. In the Hua Balanced Approach, sound approach, linguistic approach and communicative approach are combined in a balanced way. Let’s take Mr. Hua’s two videos ”Getting to Know Each Other” and ”Where are Your Hands?” as examples to see how this balanced approach works.


In the first class, the teacher and the students don’t know each other. Mr. Hua chooses using getting to know each other and doing the roll call as the first two topics to interact with the students because language is learned in a social context, and students learn it most effectively at the point of need. This is the communicative approach.


Why do we use the sound approach? We all know that people learn to listen and speak first and then read and write. Sound always precedes script. If we teach by one textbook like what is done in most schools, the students may learn the words, the phrases and grammar to put them into sentences, but they will never be able to speak English fluently or to use the language when they need it. Their vocabulary will also be very limited because they learn it the slow way.


In this first video “Getting to Know Each Other,” the students learn to say, “Yes, I do. I remember your name,” the teacher’s name “Jerry Hua,” their own first name, last name, full name, “I am here, Mr. Hua.” at the roll call, and “Thank you, Mr. Hua,” when receiving the name tag from the teacher. Note that how Mr. Hua emphasizes lengthening the vowel sounds when necessary, how intensive the amount of English he has used, how repetitively the same pattern of sentences appear, and how he helps the students to comprehend (how he uses another student’s last name and his own last name to help one student understand what “last name” means). To make sure that the sound approach works well is to grasp the principles that there is a tremendous amount of sound exposure, that the language the teacher uses is comprehensible to the students, and that the words, phrases and sentence patterns the teacher uses keep recurring to make it easy for the students to accelerate their learning.


The linguistic approach is also important when teaching a foreign language. The rules, the general truths induced from the particular facts, accelerate the learning efficiently. But even when we teach rules, we have to use sound approach. There is a big distance between knowing and being able to do it. It’s like swimming. Knowing the things you need to do doesn’t mean you can swim once you are in the water. You need to acquire the skills. Let the skills become part of you. In the video “How Many Hands Do You Have?” we can see how Mr. Hua helps the students acquire the skills by lengthening the sounds, squeezing the sounds, linking the sounds, saying the sentences chunk by chunk with sentence stress and lively intonation instead of having students say the sentences word by word or analyzing the grammar rules like singular, plural nouns, the verb to be, the verb to do, different WH questions -- how many, what, where, what for and so on, which would only make it more complicated and difficult for the students. The sentence patterns “How many hands do you have?” “Where are your hands?” and “What are your hands for?” keep recurring. Gradually the rules and the skills will become part of the students. This is the way that is much easier and much more effectively to learn the linguistic part of the language. When it gets to singular nouns “Where is your head?” and “What is your head for?” Mr. Hua still uses sound approach to help students overcome the difficulties.

此次師訓,老師以三段不同的教學內容,更加具體說明花老師獨創的平衡式教學法,在特地的環境─教室裡,以足夠且精心設計的聲音刺激─清楚、有目的意義的語句,供學生學習和模仿;透過密集和不斷重複地演練,學生能習得標的語言的口說技巧、句法結構,進而應用所接收的聲文信息,亦即所謂三位一體的聲音教學、結構教學和應用教學。


以第一個教學內容為例( 新店舊班 M1) Getting to Know Each Other


一開始,老師和學生就以英文互動,不需倚靠任何文字,談論老師的姓和名;透過觀察和模仿,大部分學生能正確的說出老師的姓和名;少數未能馬上理解者,透過老師運用更多語言情境,提供更多的聲音刺激,如:多加闡述老師本身的姓名( My name is Jerry Hua. My first name is Jerry. My last name is Hua.Everyone has two names. One is the first name. The other is the last name. What is my first/last name?)或列舉班上同學的姓名,兄弟姊妹來自同一家庭 (Samule and Terrisa are brother and sister. You are from the same family. What is your family name? What is your last name?) ,所以有同樣的姓(last/ family name) ,幫助學生能理解,進而內化教學內容。 之中,老師再以清楚且誇張的聲音刺激,矯正學生的發音和口說技巧,使得學生能在教室中,正如同置身在外語環境裡,迅速達成學習目標─談論老師和自己的姓名。


第二個教學內容 ( Body Parts- Hands, feet,eyes)


此為學生第四次學習身體構造,全部課程的教學目標是要學生能以身體構造,學會更多辭彙和句法結構。因此,第一堂,學生學會誦讀一篇短文,藉此了解我們的身體構造及其功能;第二堂,老師始以問句( 包括單複數 ) 搭配身體結構,教導學生句法結構;第三堂,驗收學生的學習成果並要求學生需重複不斷地練習所有的句型,尤其特別重視說話的節奏和語調;第四堂,再次矯正學生說話的缺失,如:一字一字說英文而非以語組表達 、錯誤的語調…等等;透過再次的訓練和指導 (How many hands / do you have? Where are your / two hands ? What are your / two hands for? ) ,學生更能自然且流利地訴說各種問句,因而歸納出使用問句的法則 (What~~ for? two words/ one phrase ; “What” is at the beginning , but “for” is at the end. )。


第三個教學內容( Body Parts- heads)


此為身體構造的第五堂課;在第四堂,學生已學會流利的說出複數型的問句;老師開始以頭(head - heads)為例,說明和教導單數型的問句( How many heads / do you have? Everyone only has one head. Where is your / head? What is your / head for?) ,透過不斷重複的演練和修正,學生可以精確流利地說出單數型問句。因此,也就是說,學生在不斷地口說練習下,不需要所謂的講解文法,就能自然習得英文文法中重要的單複數觀念和疑問句型。


在平衡式教學法的教學下,學生能夠在課堂上,立即學會使用語言;由於我們採用聲文雙軌,並以先聲音後文字的模式,順應人類使用語言的自然原則,先習得語言本體─語音,再習得相對語音之符碼─文字。由於任何語音的產生皆符合人類的生理組織構造;因此,當我們聽到部分語音時,透過定量的刺激和練習的強化,我們便能靈活且自然地說出這些語音;當我們能流利說出語音群組時,在依據發音和拼字規則,將有意義的語音組,予以編碼,以文字體現;透過課堂裡,老師精心鋪陳的情境或特意使用的教具和肢體語言,不僅幫助學生快速理解此一特定語音組的語意功能,更能讓學生使之內化和應用,進而達成溝通的目的。然而,就在短短的課堂時間內,學生就能學到聽說讀寫的能力,不需分段單一進行(聽力課─只學聽、會話課─只學說、閱讀課─只學讀、寫作課─只學寫);如此,才能真正學到系統性的語言知識,也才能真正應用語言知識,成為一個可以懂(聽和讀)英文和使用(寫和說)英文的人。



影片中的花老師展現了許多教學技巧與教學特色,也讓我更加認識到花老師所謂的「平衡教學法」。除此,也會將許多花老師所示範的教學技巧設計到自己的課堂當中,讓學生能學的更好。


影片當中花老師示範了許多聲音教學(Sound Approach),透過許多不同的語法結構和問答練習,不斷的聽與說、模仿語調、密集練習,進而歸納出文法句型及語法結構。綜合練習之下,學生將會自然歸納出語法規則,舉一反三,依此類推的練習和應用。


例如:



複數


單數

Structure:
How many Ns do you have?
What are your Ns for?
Where are your (two) Ns?
Structure:
How many Ns do you have?
What is your N for?
Where is your N?
For example,
hands, feet, eyes, knees, cheeks, teeth…etc.
For example,
head, nose…etc.

花老師也將語法結構(Linguistic Approach)融入在他本次課堂當中的教學目標裡,花老師用了許多的手勢,來展現如何將句子說的更流利,語調和句重音的表現。例如:How many hands / do you have? [dji hA(v)],不斷的加強如何將輕音在句中輕讀流利。花老師也會用不同的語調、豐富的表情,誇張的手勢來和學生產生互動,在師生互動間,讓學生對課程內容更加的熟悉,知道今天課堂所學習的內容是什麼。


教學特色方面,可以看到學生在花老師嚴格的訓練之下,口語一次比一次進步。學生自我要求,會不斷的自我練習句子,而不是只有花老師點的那位同學講而已,全部的學生喃喃自語,把握時間自我練習。在口語訓練中,也傳授許多學生該注意到的口語技巧,如連音及句重音等。此外,在課堂中,學生專注力的要求,一定要仔細聆聽、大聲複誦,才能有好的學習效果。花老師也將肢體語言融合在課程內容中,幫助學生能理解。當學生有優異的表現,花老師也不吝嗇讚揚,鼓勵學生。幾次影片中,花老師會有突擊測驗(pop quiz),根據先前所學的內容來驗收學習效果,學生必須用心上課才會有好成績。如此也能知道哪些學生還不夠用心。


綜合以上,配合花老師師訓常提到的「聲文雙軌英語學習路線圖」,將訓練學生英語聽、說、讀、寫四項技巧。讓學生能應用課堂所學的內容,奠定文法基礎,培養溝通能力。





Contents:


Objective


- How many hands do you have?

- How many hands / do you have?

- How many feet / do you have?

- How many eyes / do you have?

- How many ears / do you have?


- At the surface level, the objective of this lesson is to teach body parts to the students. But actually, this does not require much teaching on the teacher’s behalf. The teacher merely needs to use appropriate gesturing to the various body parts as each body part is being said.

- The true objective however is to train the students’ ears to be able to pick up language accurately, and then repeat them with the same accuracy. This is why a series of ‘how many’-type questions were directed at the students for repeating. The only variable in the questions is the name of the body part itself. In other words, the students were being drilled a specific sentence structure.

- The teacher initiated the lesson with slow and clear enunciation of the individual words forming the sentence, and then graduated the speed to normal speech speed.

- The students were expected to follow without fault, which I deem a reasonable expectation since the students know of nothing else other than the specific sounds given to them by the teacher.

* Correct sound linking techniques were used. Yet, it was not necessary to ‘teach’ sound linking since the students were taught with sound approach as opposed to with the written form. The students can only repeat what they have heard, not speak what they have read.


- How many hands do you have?

- Where are your two hands?

- What are your two hands for?


- Introduction of two other sentence structures.

- The initial “How many …?”

- The first added “Where are …?”

- The second added “What … for?”

- The objective here is to train the students to differentiate what may appear to them as subtle differences in the sounds of “Where are” and “What are.”

* The teacher increased the individual drilling and checking.


- How many feet do you have?


- Some students speaking the question with incorrect speed and incorrect linking skills.

- The teacher corrected this by breaking the question into two chunks, and having the students speak each chunk at an increased speed.

- The objective here is to train the students to speak more naturally.


- How many eyes do you have?

- Where are your eyes ?

- What are your eyes for?


- Variation of the previous questions.

- Students at this point have already been trained well enough to speak the new sentences without much difficulty.


- How many heads do you have?

- Where is your head ?

- What is your head for?


- Variation of the previous questions.

- Students at this point have already been trained well enough to speak the new sentences without much difficulty.

- The objective here is to introduce the students to the difference between ‘is’ and ‘are.’ ‘Is’ is used for singular, and ‘are’ is used for plural.

- Students are to absorb the subtle differences.

- Overall, the students did not have difficulty in picking up this point.




看完老師這段教學影片之後,深深體會sound approach的重要及效果。不斷的重複及加強訓練,不只把聲音放進小朋友的腦中,也把英語本身的句子結構、文法放進他們腦中。用sound approach歸納出句型結構,不需刻意去教。進一步的讓所有小朋友及家長知道,English is spoken syllable by syllable and chunk by chunk, instead of word by word.


我們老師要上一堂課,要很清楚自己的教學目標是什麼,你這堂課要小朋友會說的是什麼,如何讓他們了解,進一步的口語流利是很重要的。像看完了老師這堂課,老師很清楚的給了三種句型結構:


1. How many ____ do you have?
2. Where are you ___?
3. What are your ____ ____ for?(hands, feet, eyes, ears)


老師把問句與答案分開來練,先讓他們一句一句的練,在讓他們一次一起說。教學目標要明確,針對小朋友較弱的地方不斷的重複與加強訓練,達到學習效果。再用不同的單字放入你所設定好的句型架構中,小朋友不僅對句子結構清楚明瞭,也可進而學習到許多單字。老師由他們最熟悉的five senses來切入,讓他們更容易學習,得心應手。

像上次師訓老師有說,在教pra的童謠時,都可以有一個小對話給他們練習,像老師在上第十首童謠 ”Row Row Row your Boat”, 給了他們許多練習問答的對話,


1. Do you like to row a boat?
2. Where do you row a boat?
3. Can you row a boat in a bathtub?


由童謠延伸至日常生活的主題,我發覺這讓小朋友學習效果加倍,因為他們已經很熟悉童謠裡的句子和字的讀音,我們利用同樣的主題將其延伸,他們很容易學習且會學的很愉快。

像我最近在教一個pra的班級,之前教到R11 “Fee Fi Fo Fum” 時,我就有幫他們帶到, “thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger(pinkie)”


- How many fingers do you have?
- How many thumbs do you have?
- How many index fingers do you have?
- How many middle fingers do you have?
- How many ring fingers do you have?
- How many little fingers do you have?


All of them can answer my questions fluently.


而且也很好理解。而不是只有死死的去把整首童謠唸完而已。 另外,一開始上課時,我有讓他們練到課外的部分,最近在讓他們練the steps to turn in your homework books.所以我的結論是,在上pra和prb的班級,要讓他們熟悉文法句型的口語練習,有童謠和日程生活他們所熟悉的人或物著手是非常有幫助的。看完老師的影片,我也更了解到,一堂課中,給他們的不用很多,讓他們每個都練到流利、都了解你想傳達的概念是什麼,才是重要的,謝謝老師的指導,我受惠無窮。



這次的師訓,我們看到了花老師在新店校的教學示範帶。讓我們對所謂的平衡式教學有了更進一步的認識。


主題一: Getting to know each other


首先,第一段畫面,是老師兩年前在新店校所教授的班級,這大概是學生們的第二堂課。師生之間的默契仍在培養中,學生對老師也還有些陌生,因此,老師使用了一個很簡單的問句來帶動學生,”Do you remember my name?”,一開始老師並沒有多加解釋,只是很自然的詢問學生,一個答不出來問下一個,在問的同時加上手勢(在腦袋上輕敲兩下…),千萬別小看你的學生喔,其實大部分小朋友的理解能力是很強的,有了手勢,加上已經知道my name的意思,很快的就有小朋友回答出老師的問題。他們會回答Jerry Hua了。在此同時也幫他們正音,要求學生在說Jerry時母音拉長,糾正他們以說中文的方式來說英文的壞習慣。

當然光是理解問題還不夠,在幾個學生後,老師開始要求他們回答完整的句子;”Yes, I do. I remember your name.” 由於學生已經藉由問句的刺激接收到remember這個字了,這時候,只需稍將音節分解,加上手勢打出重音,加上練習,他們就能說的好了。

從這短短的片段,我們可以看到,藉由誇張,清楚的聲音及手勢,搭配設計過的句子,大量的、重複的給學生作聲音刺激,即使是只學過一堂課的初學者也能夠說的出這樣完整的句子,這是以文字著手的傳統教學絕對無法做到的,這也再次證明聲音教學的優點及成效。


主題二: Roll Call


緊接著互相認識,再來就是每堂課都有的點名了。這個單元相當重要,因為藉由點名,可以延伸到許許多多的內容,包含姓氏、名字、為什麼要點名、出席、缺席的說法….等等,每次上課都有,慢慢的累積句子及字彙。 而這堂課介紹的就是姓氏及名字的說法。 “What is your first name?” “What is your last name?” 其實姓名的概念學生都有,只是不懂得用英文表達而已。因此,老師先以自己為例子,讓學生先理解什麼是first name 什麼是last name.,再來讓學生練習。以完整的問句-What is your first name? What is your last name? 再次給學生做大量的聲音刺激。從這段影片可以看到,聲音教學的重點,第一,必須先想辦法讓學生理解你所說的意思,第二,有耐心、重複的示範,一個學生不明白就問下一個,舉例子,再重複。第三,學生懂了之後就要練習他們的發音和語調,比方說”I am here, Mr. Hua.” 母音及重音的聲音,還有句子未結束之前上揚的語調等都要注意,這也是聲音教學的重點之一。


主題三: How many hands do you have?/ What are your hands for? / Where are your two hands?


這個段落是老師在新店的班級,學生已經學了幾個月的時間,班上的學生年紀偏小,而他們的發音及拼字都有了相當的基礎了。內容的部分,是讓學生敘述他們的身體部位及功能。利用三個簡單的問句來訓練學生-How many _______s do you have? Where are your _______s? / Where is your ________? What are your ______s for? / What is your ______ for? 這樣簡單的句子設計包含了單複數的概念,How many之後要用複數,還有What for(用來做什麼?)的文法結構,這就是所謂的Linguistic approach-結構教學。


這個片段我們可以看到老師先以How many的問句來讓學生練習,以同樣的句型套用不同的身體部位,再練習Where問句,再練習What問句。當學生熟練後,增加難度,讓他們三個句子一起說,這是一個老師必須注意到的重點,就是挑戰你的學生,同樣的教學內容,以不同的方式呈現,給他們大量的(intensive)、重複的(repetitive)、可理解的(comprehensible)聲音刺激及練習,這正是Sound approach-聲音教學的呈現。


再者,藉由師生問答應對之間給予學生應用及練習的機會,進而達到語言深植的效果,這就是所謂的應用教學(Communicative Approach)。


綜合以上的教學片段,我們可以看到老師的教學,確實每個細節都包含了balance approach的精隨,而由片中小朋友的表現,也可看出這套教學法確實成功、有效。如何將這套教學法成功的運用在課堂上,也是我們所有老師必須要磨練、學習的地方。




在上次的師訓裡,觀賞了三段花老師的示範教學,讓我更深切地了解如何更有效的應用聲音教學在實際的課堂中,以及聲音教學如何在課堂上有顯著的即時感染力及有效性!


在第一段的”Getting to know each other!”裡,花老師利用對話的方式,加上手勢的輔助,自然而然的以問題” Do you know who I am? Do you remember my name?” 引導學生回答”Yes, I do. I remember your name!” 讓學生在一問一答中,逐漸的瞭解語義及適當之語調。除了不間斷的修正學生們單字”remember” 發音外,更適時的運用誇張的語氣來訓練小朋友的聽力。而後,更進一步介紹出拼字(Do you know how my name is spelled?) 及”first name” 和”last name”的概念。 在第二段的”Roll Call”部份,接續了first name 及 last name 的主題,花老師不厭其煩的解釋著 ”Everyone has two names, a first name and a last name.”, “ My last name is Hua. What is your last name?” 但當仍有一位女學生不甚其解時,花老師試了幾次後,十分有技巧的讓有相同姓氏的小朋友回答(女同學之弟弟),果不其然,她瞬間解惑。此例在在說明了聲音教學需要老師不厭其煩的活用課堂的資源讓學生了解所學,更需要讓學生不斷密集的練習,師生互相配合,以期達到最佳學習效果。


  在第三段的”Body Parts”部分,花老師利用相同的句子結構配合不同的身體部位,以期訓練學生的口腔肌肉及語調練習。花老師強調學生們在前幾次的課堂上已經陸續接觸過此主題,而在最後我們觀賞到的即是訓練口語流利度的精華部份。在影片中,可以很清楚的觀察到,每個學生都十分努力的練習,即使是未被點到名的學生,仍是不間斷的練習,而在這樣的嚴格要求下,學生的發音的確一次比一次流利,語調也愈益清楚且悅耳。


  在此三段教學影片中,花老師十分清楚的傳達其聲音教學的應用及基本概念,亦即教師須將教學內容段落化及邏輯化,且在教學時應不吝惜不斷地以舉例的方式以及句子之重複,以期給予學生大量的聲音刺激而使其了解授課內容,同時要讓學生有大量的口語練習機會(repetitive and intensive),如此才能確實執行聲音教學於語言教學上!



XD b0502


一開始以聲音與手勢跟學生溝通,點名並且與學生互動了解彼此姓名。


Sounds of letters

海報顯示字母與其音標


問學生,聽到一個字母時,聽到了幾個聲音。目的在使學生分辨字母裡的細微發音。即使是一個單獨的字母都有更小的聲音組成。並且,同時讓學生分辨是長音或是短音,讓學生知道長音是母音、短音是子音,即是在為接下來的母音與子音教學鋪路。


Writing


教寫字時也是一樣,每個步驟都要給予聲音刺激。所以一邊寫字母,還要嘴上同時說著。不但是手動、也要口動,知道怎麼寫字母之外,還能描述自己的動作。


Chant the letters


以韻文方式呈現字母,讓學習有變化,背誦字母也變得有趣而且能夠琅琅上口。此外,由於英文是一個韻律性的語言,所以從字母開始就讓學生熟習這樣的節奏,對於以後的句子的學習也是幫助。


Alphabet Chart


用問與答的方式,讓學生知道看到的是什麼東西,chart上有什麼,裡面又分別是哪些東西。句子很多、但都是同一句型,同時教結構與語言,讓學生在自然的環境中不但學會了語言,還學到的句型(結構)。


XD b0705


以同樣的句型結構不斷練習學生的口語,先從複數的hands, feet開始,再帶入單數的head。 先以相同的句型,只變化一個單字,讓學生不斷說,說的同時並且注意學生連音的技巧,不斷的糾正。然後帶入單數的head,同時介紹be動詞is,一樣不給予文法名詞上的解釋,但是讓學生聽、再不斷練習,以建立語感。


What I think of the two video clips

看完老師這兩個班的教學,就是老師的balanced approach的課堂應用。 不論是b0502班的互相認識、字母教學;或是b0705班的Here are my hands韻文應用。


首要都是先從聲音出發。不給文字讓學生看著念,而是讓學生一開始就說,老師帶領著學生一起說,不論是說明或是指示,都用英文說,輔以手勢或肢體動作,學生就能理解老師說得是什麼,而不用逐字翻譯或讓學生看文字。


另外,不斷的重複相同的句型,像是 What is on the board? What is on the chart? 或是 How many hands/feet/heads do you have? Where are your hands/feet? 都是用相同的句型練習學生的口語,練習口語的同時,其實學生已經學會如何運用相同結構的句子。也是結構教學的實際操作。 再者,以問題與回答的方式教導學生說話,不斷的練習過後,讓學生自己能表達、可以和同學、老師互相提問,也就能夠產生對話,產生溝通。以後學生在遇到相似的情形,他也能運用這樣句型的句子,教語言能夠讓學生運用,就是應用教學。學生能利用學到句子、句型與人溝通,也就是能夠產生communication。


老師讓我們看老師上課的VCD,也是在強調我們自己在上課時,要謹記著balanced approach所包含的原則以及內涵。更重要的,我們的教學都必須遵從這樣的指導原則,學生才能真正學到聲音、結構也才能應用。



在本次觀賞的錄影片段中,又再次見證的花老師力倡的「聲文雙軌」教學法,並且對此教學法的實施原則,有更深一步地了解。以下針對「聲文雙軌」教學法的原則做一些歸納:


1. 大量的聲音刺激-就是花老師每次必提到的Sound Approach,因此老師的發音要清楚、語調要誇張,所講出的話必須要有明顯的語意組。


2. 反覆的練習-教給學生的新東西,除了第一次在課堂上大量的反覆練習,並且於之後的數堂課中不斷地複習,強化學生的input。並且確切落實Individual check,檢視每一位學生的學習效果。


影片中除了使用「聲文雙軌」教學法,花老師更有一些教學技巧,這些妙招,使「聲文雙軌」教學法更能落實於課堂中,以下做一些個人歸納:


1. 處處都是學習材料-即便點名、新同學介紹、課堂用語都是語言,都是教學素材。


2. 掌控學生於課堂中的專心度-學生不專心,老師教的再好都無法達到有效的學習,因此對於講不好的學生,一定請他站著,藉此提高學生的注意力。



花老師在影片裡,不段運用聲音刺激,讓學生從聽、模仿老師的聲音裡,學習如何把句子說得流利。不需要一個字一個字的教講,這樣反而會讓句子聽起來不自然;提出句子裡的關鍵字,讓學生模仿,說出流利的語句。


How many heads / do you have?
Where is your head?


• Challenge your students: 了解他們的能力,挑戰他們的極限。 學生的學習力相當強,不要小看學生的能力。


• 當一個學生碰到問題時,提出問題,並再次教導所有的學生一次。 一個學生在連音部分沒有表現完整,提出問題一次解決這個問題,因為這有可能也是其他學生面臨的問題。


What is your head for?


• What / where 兩個相近的字,避免學生混淆,寫在字板上以區別。
• What is 說英文必須一個音節一個音節的說,而不是一個字一個字的說。

我們會這樣說: wha – tis

用相同結構的句型,讓學生熟悉這句子結構,重複不斷地練習。進而引導學生應用句子。


How many hands do you have?
Where are your two hands?
What are your two hands for?

How many feet do you have?
Where are your two feet?
What are your two feet for?


課堂裡經由不斷地聲音刺激,不斷地反覆句子的練習。因為英語不是我們的母語,一個星期裡也僅有兩堂英語課,所以老師必須用大量且不斷的英語來刺激小朋友的聽與說。從模仿老師流利的口語,引導學生說出漂亮的英文,學生必須開口大聲的說英文,訓練膽量也培養說英文的信心。這就是我們訓練學生的方法與法則。


看完老師新班及舊班的影片後, 更是深刻的了解到sound approach的課堂運用, 也清楚的看到sound approach教學所帶來的成效, 課堂上老師以正確流利的用語教導學生答句及問句的應用, 而學生也都能專心的了解每一句的問答句. 除此之外, 學生描述事物及圖像的能力, 也在老師sound approach的教學下, 有顯著的成績. 老師在課堂上誇張的語調及手勢, 都十分的吸引學生的注意力, 當然也要求學生要能模仿老師的語調, 如此一來, 才能訓練學生在口說時下對重音, 打對拍節, 進而習慣這樣的語言方式, 而上台解說圖像時, 也必須要像老師一樣, 口說到哪兒, 手指到哪兒, 清清楚楚的, 這樣才能確定學生是否真能了解其中意思, 同時也訓練學生不怯場 大方 敢說的勇氣.


老師要求學生在每一個主題上都能侃侃而談的說的流利, 因此在一些連音及消音的部分都嚴格的訓練學生, 讓學生能將英文說的一口流利 口音漂亮, 要將”English is spoken syllable by syllable not word by word”的觀念深植在每個學生心中, 訓練到他們能清楚靈活的運用每一個部份 每一個細節.